Evangelical sects emphasized the resurrection of Christ, the primacy of scripture, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and the importance of proselytizing. In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. Revivalist preachers traveled on horseback, sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible. The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. Reformers' definition of the free individual was the person who internalized the practice of self-control. 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, January 28, 1919 Download image resource Description The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. b. Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. Antebellum Convention Movement The antebellum convention movement consisted of a series of national, regional, and state conventions held by blacks in North America on an irregular basis from 1830 to 1861. They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. Others sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as prisons, asylums, and schools. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? For the urban poor, a very few were able to attend private charitable schools. Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. Turner was a literate, deeply religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia. \text{Diluted Earnings per Share (Assuming Conversion of}\\ - militant abolitionism where a new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and demanded immediate abolition. Garrison was militant in his call for immediate and complete emancipation as a moral imperative. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. After the conspiracy was quelled, white Charlestonians accused black congregations of the same offense: falsifying and misinterpreting the Bible. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. The movement experienced what became to be known as the Great Disappointment when the morning of October 23 arrived rather than Jesus. Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. The Second Great Awakening encouraged this impulse to reform by emphasizing individual responsibility and the desire to seek perfection. Camp meetings were so called because, on the sparsely populated frontier, many attendees had to travel long distances to the meeting and camp out at the location. - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. Slaveholders must be convinced of the sinfulness of their ways, and the North of its complicity in the peculiar institution. Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. A Pew Research Center survey asked respondents if they would rather live in a place with a slower pace of life or a place with a faster pace of life. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. The health reform experience of the past decade does provide a number of more specific lessons for us. Teachers tend to be so . Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. Gender Soon after, the movement disintegrated. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and, by the 1820s, had emerged as a major religious movement. Turner himself evaded capture for months. 30.4130.4130.41 Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. \quad\text{Total Expenses}&& \$11,720,000\\ \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. Many different kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement. \text{Convertible Preferred Stock}& \$ 2,000,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ The reform impulse was not solely confined to the United States; Europeans were also in the midst of their own reform efforts. \textbf{Current Assets}\\ Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us [email protected] check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. Far more women than men were converted during the revivals of the Second Great Awakening. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. In Appalachia and the South, the Second Great Awakening brought a sense of community and provided entertainment in isolated rural and frontier areas. The Second Great Awakening manifested itself somewhat differently regionally. Further reproduction prohibited without . Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. Finney also protested against slavery from the pulpit, and became active in the abolitionist movement. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ \text{Total Current Liabilities}& \$ 2,430,000 &\$ 1,800,000\\ Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. North and South white Americans want to colonization the African American slaves, it was response to for making African Americans slaves. In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. - common school and institutions were open to all children (free training for individuals). d. 12.0012.0012.00 Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. Some of this came from a lack of understanding; in other cases, it was overt prejudice. Garrison refused to become more moderate in his demands, and The Liberator was published continuously for the next 35 years until the end of slavery in the United States. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. In later years, the Society provided the founding impetus to the Liberty Party, a political party with an abolitionist platform. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ \text{Deferred Tax Liability} &\$ 1,570,000 &\$ 1,400,000\\ In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. 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